Drought-fueled wildfire 'apocalypse' hits Tennessee
UPDATE: Nov. 30, 2016, 4:20 p.m. EST Local officials report that there have now been 7 people killed by the fire and at least 400 structures lost.
UPDATE: Nov. 29, 2016, 4:13 p.m. EST Local officials report that the fire has killed 3 people and destroyed hundreds of homes, businesses and other structures in and around Gatlinburg, Tennessee.
Strong winds fanned flames from a large wildfire in eastern Tennessee on Monday, damaging a large number of structures in picturesque Gatlinburg, and prompting widespread evacuations.
The Chimney Top Fire is part of a broader outbreak of blazes burning across the Southeast amid unusually mild and dry conditions during what will be one of the top 5 warmest years in U.S. history, and the hottest year globally.
The high winds that hit on Monday, and are continuing in some areas on Tuesday, dramatically escalated the risk of unpredictable and extreme fire behavior. The fire's advance on Gatlinburg and other areas caught thousands off-guard, according to the National Park Service.
"The center of Gatlinburg looks good for now," said Newmansville Volunteer Fire Department Lt. Bobby Balding told the Knoxville News Sentinel on Tuesday.
"It's the apocalypse on both sides (of downtown)."
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The fire has taken a heavy toll on popular tourist destinations in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most visited national park in the United States. The entire national park is closed as of Tuesday.
"Severe wind gusts of over 80 mph, unprecedented low relative humidity, and extended drought conditions caused the fire burning in the National Park to spread rapidly and unpredictably, in spite of suppression efforts on Sunday that included helicopter water drops," national park officials stated in a Facebook post Tuesday morning.
Flames are also threatening Dollywood, the theme park founded by legendary country singer Dolly Parton, which boasts some of the wildest roller coasters in the country.
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"Gatlinburg City officials have reported numerous structures completely lost to fire including businesses in the downtown area and private homes throughout the area," the park said.
The wind gusts enabled the fire to leapfrog across long distances and quickly advance toward Gatlinburg, while also felling trees that ignited still more areas.
"Conditions remain extremely dangerous with trees expected to continue to fall," the park posted.
Climate context: A weird year
Great Smoky Mountains National Park Superintendent Cassius Cash told local outlet WBIR that he has never seen forest fire behavior like this, despite extensive experience with such blazes.
While the proximate cause of this fire may have been human action, perhaps even arson, climate conditions have primed the area for fires.
The unusually mild and dry summer and fall in the lower 48 states, in particular, has played a role in priming the Southeast for wildfires. The region has had its second-warmest January through October on record, according to the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), with South and North Carolina each having their warmest such period on record.
Many locations have had their warmest and driest fall on record, including parts of Tennessee.
In the South, the drought footprint quadrupled during October, from 10 percent coverage to 42 percent coverage, while in the Southeast it increased from 25 percent to 39 percent, the NCEI found.
The Southeast has been extremely dry this year so far, with five states particularly affected: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and South Carolina.
Over the longer term, human-caused climate change is also heightening the wildfire risk. The Southeast may not be well known for its fires, but it actually has the largest number of wildfires of any region of the country, with an average of about 45,000 per year, according to a 2014 federal climate report. This number is likely to increase as temperatures rise, drying out soils faster and raising fire risks.
Harrowing evacuations
According to the Knoxville News Sentinel, 14,000 people were evacuated on Monday and Tuesday, and the Tennessee National Guard was called in to assist local firefighters in battling the Chimney Top Fire.
Many people pleas for assistance on social media Monday night as flames encroached on homes and hotels, with others using Facebook, Twitter and other tools to update family and friends.
The fire in Gatlinburg advanced on the tourist community as a cold front moved into the parched area. That front, even though it brought heavy rain, actually served to worsen the situation given the high winds associated with it.
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The rain from Monday night and other rounds of showers this week will not be nearly enough to overcome the long-term moisture deficits in this region, however, and climate outlooks predict that the drought will deepen and expand across the South during the winter.
This means the region's fire woes may continue into the early winter.
Fires have already been burning for weeks in Tennessee, Georgia and North Carolina, spreading a dense blanket of smoke across the region, prompting unhealthy air quality alerts.
In Gatlinburg, officials said hundreds of homes and other buildings, including a 16-story hotel, were damaged or destroyed by flames. Emergency officials ordered evacuations in downtown Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge and in other areas of Sevier County near the Smoky Mountains while crews continued to battle the blaze.e
No deaths have been reported, though several people were injured, emergency officials said. More than 1,000 people are in shelters.
Ryan DeSears, general manager of Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, told WBIR-TV the building was still standing and all workers had been evacuated late Monday. However, he said workers were anxious to return to check on the well-being of the 10,518 animals.
"I think we racked up deficits that are going to be too much to overcome with just one storm system," said Mark Svoboda, director of the National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska.
"I would say it's way too early to say 'Yes, this drought is over,'" Svoboda said. "Does it put a dent in it? Yes, but we have a long ways to go."
The pessimistic drought outlook is based in large part on the expectation that a weak La Niña event in the tropical Pacific Ocean will persist for much of the winter, which would favor a prevailing winter storm track away from the southern tier of the U.S.
Additional reporting by the Associated Press
Andrew Freedman is Mashable's Senior Editor for Science and Special Projects. Prior to working at Mashable, Freedman was a Senior Science writer for Climate Central. He has also worked as a reporter for Congressional Quarterly and Greenwire/E&E Daily. His writing has also appeared in the Washington Post, online at The Weather Channel, and washingtonpost.com, where he wrote a weekly climate science column for the "Capital Weather Gang" blog. He has provided commentary on climate science and policy for Sky News, CBC Radio, NPR, Al Jazeera, Sirius XM Radio, PBS NewsHour, and other national and international outlets. He holds a Masters in Climate and Society from Columbia University, and a Masters in Law and Diplomacy from The Fletcher School at Tufts University.
